See rubben in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "rub"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "rub"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"rubben",
"rubben#Low_German"
],
[
"rubben",
"rubben#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"rubba",
"rubba#Old_Norse"
],
[
"*ruppōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ruppōną"
],
[
"*reufaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/reufaną"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":uder<unc:1>",
"3": "gmw-pro:*rubbōn<ety:inh<gem-pro:*ruppōną<alt:*rubbōną>>>",
"tree": "0"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*rubbōn\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"uder\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"rubben\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"rubben\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "rubben"
},
"expansion": "Low German rubben",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rubben"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian rubben",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "rubba"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse rubba",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*ruppōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ruppōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":uder<unc:1>",
"3": "gmw-pro:*rubbōn<ety:inh<gem-pro:*ruppōną<alt:*rubbōną>>>",
"tree": "0"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain, though akin to Low German rubben, Saterland Frisian rubben, and Old Norse rubba. Possibly ultimately from a variant of Proto-Germanic *ruppōną with voiced *-bb-, related to *reufaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rubbeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rubben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to rubben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yrubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "robbe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "robby",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rube",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "rubben",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "rubb"
},
"expansion": "rubben (third-person singular simple present rubbeth, present participle rubbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rubbed)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rubb"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 12 12 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 11 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To rub; to move back and forwards on a surface:",
"To abrade; to rub as to wear down."
],
"id": "en-rubben-enm-verb-sr7f8kaO",
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"abrade",
"abrade"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"wear",
"wear"
],
[
"down",
"down"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rudden"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 12 12 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 11 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To rub; to move back and forwards on a surface:",
"To scour; to rub as to clean."
],
"id": "en-rubben-enm-verb-hp2LjHb4",
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"scour",
"scour"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"clean",
"clean"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rudden"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 12 12 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 11 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 14 32 18 13 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 44 15 10 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 52 12 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 54 12 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To rub; to move back and forwards on a surface:",
"To massage or stroke; to rub gently and soothingly."
],
"id": "en-rubben-enm-verb-BrIw2fSz",
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"massage",
"massage"
],
[
"stroke",
"stroke"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"gently",
"gently"
],
[
"soothingly",
"soothingly"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rudden"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 12 12 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 11 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To file or scrape off; to attack with an edge."
],
"id": "en-rubben-enm-verb-~yjt8oym",
"links": [
[
"file",
"file"
],
[
"scrape",
"scrape"
],
[
"edge",
"edge"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "enm:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 10 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 12 12 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 23 13 11 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To smear with a lotion."
],
"id": "en-rubben-enm-verb-mfx88m0X",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"smear",
"smear"
],
[
"lotion",
"lotion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) To smear with a lotion."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To scratch or claw."
],
"id": "en-rubben-enm-verb-D3Xxx1TG",
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
],
[
"claw",
"claw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To scratch or claw."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈrubən/"
}
],
"word": "rubben"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Middle English undefined derivations",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "rub"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "rub"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"rubben",
"rubben#Low_German"
],
[
"rubben",
"rubben#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"rubba",
"rubba#Old_Norse"
],
[
"*ruppōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ruppōną"
],
[
"*reufaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/reufaną"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"tree": "0"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*rubbōn\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"uder\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"rubben\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"rubben\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
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},
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{
"args": {
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},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rubben"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian rubben",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "rubba"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse rubba",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
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},
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},
{
"args": {
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"tree": "0"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain, though akin to Low German rubben, Saterland Frisian rubben, and Old Norse rubba. Possibly ultimately from a variant of Proto-Germanic *ruppōną with voiced *-bb-, related to *reufaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rubbeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rubben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to rubben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rubben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yrubbed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "robbe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "robby",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rubbyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rube",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "rubben",
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},
{
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},
"expansion": "rubben (third-person singular simple present rubbeth, present participle rubbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rubbed)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rubb"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To rub; to move back and forwards on a surface:",
"To abrade; to rub as to wear down."
],
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"abrade",
"abrade"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"wear",
"wear"
],
[
"down",
"down"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rudden"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To rub; to move back and forwards on a surface:",
"To scour; to rub as to clean."
],
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"scour",
"scour"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"clean",
"clean"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rudden"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To rub; to move back and forwards on a surface:",
"To massage or stroke; to rub gently and soothingly."
],
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"massage",
"massage"
],
[
"stroke",
"stroke"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"gently",
"gently"
],
[
"soothingly",
"soothingly"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rudden"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To file or scrape off; to attack with an edge."
],
"links": [
[
"file",
"file"
],
[
"scrape",
"scrape"
],
[
"edge",
"edge"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"enm:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"To smear with a lotion."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"smear",
"smear"
],
[
"lotion",
"lotion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) To smear with a lotion."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To scratch or claw."
],
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
],
[
"claw",
"claw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To scratch or claw."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈrubən/"
}
],
"word": "rubben"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rubben meaning in Middle English (7.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (c1bb342 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.